9/14/2023 0 Comments Does schick test on animals![]() ![]() For example, animals in a more positive affective state tend to interpret ambiguous cues in a more positive way. Interpretation bias in animal research is often measured using the judgment bias test (JBT) ( Nguyen et al., 2020), which relies on certain behaviors (like bar-pressing) and these results are then interpreted with respect to certain human constructs, one of them being “attitude” (see more details in Table 1). Individuals are more likely to interpret ambiguous cues to be consistent with their current affective state ( Everaert, 2021). ![]() Interpretation bias affects decision-making processes. In animal research, attentional bias can be investigated by analyzing the behavioral response to threatening stimuli ( Lee et al., 2016 Luo et al., 2019). Attentional bias indicates that individuals are more likely to allocate attention to stimuli consistent with their current emotional state ( Mennen et al., 2019). According to Bower’s theory of mood congruity ( Bower, 1981), during cognitive processing, individuals tend to focus, process, and recall information that is consistent with their emotional state, resulting in cognitive biases.Ĭognitive biases can be divided into three types: attentional bias, interpretation bias, and memory bias. Based on Beck’s theory, early adverse experiences can trigger negative cognitive schemas leading to negative views of the self, the world, and the future, which in turn lead to biases in cognitive processing ( Segal, 1988). The concept of “cognitive bias” was first proposed by Beck in the study of patients with depression ( Beck, 1967). The phenomenon of cognitive bias is widespread, especially in neuropsychiatric disorders. Positive emotions lead to positive cognitive biases, while negative emotions cause negative biases, affecting multiple cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and decision-making ( Everaert et al., 2012). Cognitive bias is the tendency of the brain to process information in favor of certain emotional valence ( Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995). We also discussed its critical value in the identification of neuropsychiatric disorders and the validation of therapeutic approaches.Įmotions can cause the brain to distort the truth, leading to a discrepancy between what we believe is true and reality. In this mini-review, we summarize the application of cognitive bias tests in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and pain. Moreover, it also can be used in early drug screening to effectively assess the potential effects or side effects of drugs on affective state prior to clinical trials. Therefore, it has great potential to become an important tool to measure the influence of neuropsychiatric disorder-associated emotions on cognitive processing. ![]() Some studies have found that cognitive bias test is more sensitive than traditional test methods such as forced swimming test and sucrose preference test in detecting emotional state. In recent years, its effectiveness in animal research related to neuropsychiatric disorders has been widely verified. In animal studies, the existing methods for detecting animal emotional state are still relatively limited, and cognitive bias test has gradually become an important supplement. 2Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaĬognitive biases can arise from cognitive processing under affective states and reflect the impact of emotion on cognition.1CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.THANK YOU.Yu-Han Zhang 1,2 Ning Wang 1,2* Xiao-Xiao Lin 1,2 Jin-Yan Wang 1,2 Fei Luo 1,2 PLEASE SHARE THESE IMAGES! JUST (PROMINENTLY) CREDIT VEGAN RABBIT AND LINK TO THIS PAGE. Most likely, they’re included on my List of FAKE “Cruelty-Free” Brands. ![]() See a company or brand you think doesn’t belong on this list? Locate the items in your home from these brands, then find cruelty-free alternatives using my List of Cruelty-Free & Vegan Brands. How to use this listĬOMPANIES AND BRANDS ON THIS LIST SHOULD BE AVOIDED WHEN SHOPPING. These companies are marked “ (learn more)” for more information on why they’re included on my list of companies that tests on animals. Many companies market themselves as “cruelty-free” (some even have cruelty-free certification), but they’re not telling you the whole story. This is different from other cruelty-free lists because it includes so-called “cruelty-free” brands owned by a parent company that conducts tests on animals for any of its other brands. Trying to avoid companies that test on animals? This up-to-date list will tell you exactly which products, brands, and companies to avoid when shopping cruelty-free and vegan. ![]()
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